Science Refutes Creationism

This is all bullshit! Creationism is bollocks!  Disease-causing genetic mutations in human DNA are in an explosive growth http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac/index.php The human genetic mutation database (HGMD) maintains a database of disease-causing genetic mutations in human DNA at population level. The page will be updated every 2-3 months. Even yesterday (26th Jan 2018) the number was 214,158 but today, after the update, the figure is 220,270. Over three months, more than 6,000 new harmful genetic mutations were registered, which is an annual growth of over 24,000. It's noteworthy to understand the direct consequences of these genetic mutations: https://rareundiagnosed.org/rare-disease-facts/ Rare diseases affect 1 in 10 people, more than 350 million people worldwide Approximately 50% of the people affected by Rare Disease are children 30% of children with rare disease will not live to see their 5th birthday There are more Americans who live with a rare disease than ALL...

Digital-to-Analogue Converter in the Cell points to Design https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082330/ Excerpt: "Cells must coordinate responses to many stimuli, including signalling cues from other cells, the extracellular matrix, hormones and active compounds. As they are subject to feedback control, these response pathways are usually ‘on’ or ‘off’ in nature. By contrast, transcriptional changes can be ‘dialled’ up or down and provide a composite response to multiple inputs over time. In line with this, signal transmission to chromatin can be compared to a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) that takes ‘on’ and ‘off’ signals and converts them into a continuous output that can vary in amplitude over time . We speculate that histone tails may function in this way, acting as a site that stores signals and integrates them to regulate the transcriptional programme. Indeed, the pure density and variety of post-translational modifications on histones suggests that they are u...

Skin remembers wounds and heals faster the second time around by using 3D genome https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/51153/title/Skin--Remembers--Wounds--Heals-Faster-the-Second-Time-Around/ Excerpt: " Inflammatory Memory Our body is routinely assaulted by ultraviolet radiation, irritants, and pathogens. Shruti Naik, an immunologist at Rockefeller University, wondered: “Do these stressors have any kind of lasting impact on cells?” Immune cells are known to “remember” infections and inflammatory events so that they can respond faster to future insults, but what about the epithelial stem cells that maintain the skin and promote wound healing? Multiple Assaults Naik and her colleagues induced inflammation in mice by exposing the animals’ skin to chemicals, fungal infection, or mechanical wounding. Then they measured the time it took for the skin to heal after injuring it in the same place a second time. On average, regardless of the type of injury, skin that had b...

Telegony (microchimerism) is not studied by pseudoscientists because it refutes the theory of evolution http://www.theneonnettle.com/features/1006-study-women-store-dna-from-every-male-they-have-sex-with "A new study by the University of Seattle and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has revealed that Women absorb and retain living DNA of every single man they have sex with. When scientists were trying to determine if women who had been pregnant with a son might be more predisposed to diseases usually found in men, then also found in the study that the female brain also absorbs male DNA." "Le Dantec wrote that some farmer told him that once his swine copulated with a boar and their pigs absolutely resembled the father in color. But when the same swine copulated with another boar some pigs of the second farrow still resembled the color of the male pig the swine had copulated first."   http://modernnotion.com/is-telegony-real/ "Scientists believe the phe...

About 20,000 new disease-causing genetic mutations in 2017 in the human DNA at population level - Today the total number is 214,158 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28349240?dopt=Abstract Excerpt from abstract: "The Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD®) constitutes a comprehensive collection of published germline mutations in nuclear genes that underlie, or are closely associated with human inherited disease. At the time of writing (March 2017), the database contained in excess of 203,000 different gene lesions identified in over 8000 genes manually curated from over 2600 journals. With new mutation entries currently accumulating at a rate exceeding 17,000 per annum, HGMD represents de facto the central unified gene/disease-oriented repository of heritable mutations causing human genetic disease used worldwide by researchers, clinicians, diagnostic laboratories and genetic counsellors , and is an essential tool for the annotation of next-generation sequencing data. The public ve...

An unexpected role for transcription factors: They promote architectural changes of the genome https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-01-role-gene-architecture-cell-fate.html Excerpt: "Scientists read the code of life—the genome—as a sequence of letters, but now researchers have also started exploring its three-dimensional organisation . In a paper published in Nature Genetics, an interdisciplinary research team of scientists from the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in Barcelona, Spain, shows that the three-dimensional organisation of the genome plays a key role in gene expression and consequently in determining cell fate. It all began with the 4-D Genome project, an ambitious and innovative research initiative aimed at understanding how the spatial organisation of the genome contributes to decisions made by cells. What scientists wanted to find out was whether genome architecture plays an active function or whether it is a mere side effect of the genome's activity. The model...

Random mutations and selection are not the reasons why organisms adapt to changing conditions https://www.forbes.com/sites/grrlscientist/2017/09/06/how-do-darwins-finches-respond-so-quickly-to-environmental-changes/#37f1f45a5810 Excerpt: "How does a population adapt to sudden changes in the environment? According to the most widely accepted paradigm, random genetic changes (mutations) are the source of heritable changes in a plant or animal’s observable characteristics (phenotype). Phenotype, in turn, is the raw material that is acted upon by natural selection, and the most beneficial adaptations are passed on to successive generations. But there is a problem with this paradigm: adaptive genetic mutations are so infrequent that this scenario cannot adequately explain the speed at which adaptation can occur. One well-known example of speedy adaptation is seen in “Darwin’s finches”; a group of approximately 15 bird species that live in the Galápagos Islands Archipelago, which are l...

Alcohol found to boost cancer risk by causing genetic mutations in stem cell DNA http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_920717.asp Excerpt: " Drinking alcohol damages blood stem cells by altering their DNA, raising the risk of developing cancer, scientists have found. A breakdown product of alcohol - acetaldehyde - is responsible for the damage, according to researchers at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. Acetaldehyde can cause irreversible DNA damage in blood stem cells, known as hematopoietic stem cells. These are the stem cells responsible for the constant production of fresh blood. 'How exactly alcohol causes damage to us is controversial,' said Professor Ketan Patel, who led the study which was published in Nature. 'This paper provides very strong evidence that an alcohol metabolite causes DNA damage [including] to the all-important stem cells that go on to make tissues.' The link between alcohol and certain types of cancer has been known for som...

Genetic degradation drives scientists to develop more accurate gene editing technology https://www.wired.com/story/whats-next-for-crispr/ DNA consists mainly of four different bases: guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and thymine (T). G makes a pair only with C and A forms a pair with T. Genome's GC content is inclined to change to AT content. This is due to the special feature of the cytosine base: A methyl group (CH3), referred to as an epigenetic marker, may be attached to cytosine. The cell uses these markers for several tasks, the most important of which are gene suppression / activation, the secretion of the gene from transcription, and the modification of expression of the gene, i.e. the expression thereof, according to the adaptation of the organism. Also in cell differentiation, or identity, these markers play an important role. Without the epigenetic markers, the cell is a so-called a pluripotent stem cell that is ready to specialize in any task, as long as it is onl...

Plant germ cells also go through methylation reprogramming - and functionally it is essential https://www.technologynetworks.com/cell-science/news/breakthrough-study-reveals-new-insight-into-immortal-plant-cells-295637 Excerpt: "A new study has revealed an undiscovered reprogramming mechanism that allows plants to maintain fitness down the generations. The John Innes Centre team led by Dr Xiaoqi Feng made the discovery when studying germ cells - cells specialised for sexual reproduction - in flowering plants. Germ cells are often referred to as “immortal” because they can pass their genetic material through the generations. They have been the subject of much scientific scrutiny. This study aimed to solve a long-term debate on whether the germ cells in plants undergo an event of DNA methylation reprogramming at each reproductive cycle. DNA methylation is a modification of DNA, which changes the activity of DNA without changing the genetic sequence. It is a cornerstone epi-genetics ...

An epigenetic seesaw mechanism works like an analog regulator https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-017-4353-7 Excerpt from abstract: " Background DNA methylation at promoters is largely correlated with inhibition of gene expression. However, the role of DNA methylation at enhancers is not fully understood, although a crosstalk with chromatin marks is expected. Actually, there exist contradictory reports about positive and negative correlations between DNA methylation and H3K4me1, a chromatin hallmark of enhancers. Results We investigated the relationship between DNA methylation and active chromatin marks through genome-wide correlations, and found anti-correlation between H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 enrichment at low and intermediate DNA methylation loci. We hypothesized “seesaw” dynamics between H3K4me1 and H3K4me3 in the low and intermediate DNA methylation range, in which DNA methylation discriminates between enhancers and promoters, marked by H3K4me1 and H3K4m...

Evolutionary biologists are surprised - Mice are able to see colors https://neurosciencenews.com/mouse-color-vision-8197/ Excerpt from abstract:" The M5 Cell: A Color-Opponent Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Highlights •M5 cells are a morphologically and functionally distinct unique ipRGC type •They have both melanopsin responses and chromatically opponent cone-based signals •They receive color-opponent signal (UV-ON, green-OFF) via Types 6–9 bipolar cells •M5 cells innervate the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) Summary Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) combine direct photosensitivity through melanopsin with synaptically mediated drive from classical photoreceptors through bipolar-cell input. Here, we sought to provide a fuller description of the least understood ipRGC type, the M5 cell, and discovered a distinctive functional characteristic—chromatic opponency (ultraviolet excitatory, green inhibitory). Serial electron microsc...

lncRNAs might function as barcodes for identifying genomic addresses for maintaining cellular states http://www.lncrnablog.com/lncrnas-might-function-as-barcodes-for-identifying-genomic-addresses-for-maintaining-cellular-states/?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=socialnetwork Excerpt:"Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in diverse biological processes, including embryonic stem cell (ESC) maintenance. However, their functional mechanisms remain largely undefined. Here, researchers from TU Dresden show that the lncRNA Panct1 regulates the transient recruitment of a putative X-chromosome-encoded protein transient octamer binding factor 1 (TOBF1), to genomic sites resembling the canonical Oct-Sox motif. TOBF1 physically interacts with Panct1 and exhibits a cell-cycle-specific punctate localization in ESCs. At the chromatin level, this correlates with its recruitment to promoters of pluripotency genes. Strikingly, mutating an octamer-like...

Cellular programming by 3D folding of the DNA - Incredibly complex mechanism behind the cell differentiation https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-11-three-dimensional-dna-important-epigenetic-mechanisms.html Excerpt: "During differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes, the three-dimensional folding of the DNA reorganizes itself. This reorganization of the DNA architecture precedes and defines important epigenetic patterns. A team lead by private lecturer Dr. Ralf Gilsbach and Stephan Nothjunge, who both conduct research at the University of Freiburg in the Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology headed by Prof. Dr. Lutz Hein, have come to this conclusion. The results suggest that the genome's spatial organization is an important switch for defining cell types, thereby representing a very promising starting point for future reprogramming strategies. The team recently published its results in the scientific journal Nature Communications...

Due to Rapid Human DNA Degradation Rare Diseases Are Increasing in Frequency https://www.munichre.com/topics-online/en/2015/02/rare-diseases Human DNA is rapidly degrading. The article below puts quite a bit of figures on the table. As a result of genetic deterioration, there is a huge spectrum of rare genetic diseases. These are not weeded out from the population by any kind of selection, but as the article says, the number of rare diseases is rapidly growing. By 2020, about 10% of people will carry at least one disease-causing genetic mutation. In Europe, this is about 42 million people, over 400 million in Asia and some 52 million in North America. There are so many diseases caused by genetic mutations that the medical industry is not able to handle them all. When a certain genetic disease is affected by a relatively small proportion of the population, pharmaceutical companies are not economically viable to develop treatment for rare illness. This causes problems for society. The to...

The sophisticated mechanisms behind the cell differentiation reveal the fallacies of the evolutionary theory There are at least 37 trillion cells in a human body. They can roughly be classified into two hundred cell types that our body needs for different tissue types to produce the necessary proteins and to handle several, e.g. metabolism related tasks. All of our cells have exactly the same DNA sequences (only brain neurons and T cells controlled by the immune defense system make an exception). How does the cell differentiation occur? Why does the skin cell have a completely different identity than a bone cell? Both have exactly the same DNA, so it is clear that the DNA sequences do not determine the task or function of the cell. Differentiation of the cells begins already during embryonic development. The process is called epigenetic reprogramming. If all of the epigenetic markers on the DNA are wiped out of the cell, it becomes a pluripotent stem cell capable of differentiating int...

Rapid ecological adaptation points to Design and Creation If the emergence of a new species of birds does not take more than a couple of generations, there is evidence for Design and Biblical creation, the flood and the subsequent rapid formation of biodiversity. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/11/171124084320.htm Excerpt: "Researchers previously assumed that the formation of a new species takes a very long time, but in the Big Bird lineage it happened in just two generations, according to observations made by the Grants in the field in combination with the genetic studies." We can observe everywhere the rapid ecological adaptation of organisms, based primarily on epigenetic gene regulation caused by diet type, climate and various stressors, which also causes genetic changes. However, most DNA sequence modifications result in genetic errors that lead to DNA degradation. The change is therefore not about mutations and natural selection, but due to mechanism-based ec...

The body's stress management is an irreducibly complex entity that has not been able to evolve  Our bodies constantly face different stress factors that can roughly be divided into physical and psychological stresses. Even walking from your warm home to a cold and damp, windy weather will cause a stress reaction in your skin because the skin's heat regulation proteins tend to balance heat fluctuations. If the mechanism does not work properly, you will not tolerate cold or hot. To cope with stress situations, your body needs cortisol (hydrocortisone) produced by the cortex of the adrenal glands. The yield of cortisol is controlled by the mediator hormone ACTH, which in turn is produced by the pituitary gland. Hormone production of pituitary gland is in turn controlled by the CRH hormone produced by the hypothalamus and certain body cells. They also have an important link with our immune system. Also, intestinal bacteria have been found to have a clear connection with the product...

Readers, writers and erasers - Epigenetic markers of histones - a sophisticated biological database The cell has a biological database that has sometimes been compared to the barcode system. These are epigenetic markers of histones, known to many different types. The most common are methylation, acetylation and ubiquitination. Histones are DNA packaging proteins around which DNA is interwoven. The cell uses the structure of chromatin to regulate and control the genes. The more open chromatin is, the more actively the gene is read in transcription. And vice versa, what is the more concealed in the structure of the histones, the more the cell holds the gene suppressed so it can not end up in transcription. The structure of the chromatin acts as an analogue regulator. Thus, epigenetic regulation works much more dynamically than an ON / OFF switch. Histone epigenetic markers have a very large regulatory effect, e.g. for alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. This mechanism makes it possible to ...

Information layers around information layers work like a data container https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-10-important-mechanism-epigenetic-gene.html Excerpt: "How can defective gene activity leading to cancer be avoided? Researchers at the University of Zurich have now identified a mechanism by which cells pass on the regulation of genetic information through epigenetic modifications. These insights open the door to new approaches for future cancer treatments. ...Methylation marks on DNA act as molecular switches that regulate gene activity in order to coordinate the cell's specialization within the organism. How this DNA methylation is faithfully regulated, and how it can become defective, has not yet been fully resolved. However, the consequences are well known: In many cancer types, the methylation is deposited in the wrong place. This leads to genes being read incorrectly. Dual-layer epigenetic gene regulation Scientists at the University of Zurich have now found new pr...