60,000 generations of bacteria - But evolution has not been observed
Lenski's long term experiments with bacteria contradict with evolutionary expectations
http://www.newgeology.us/presentation32.htmlExcerpt: "You may have heard of the famous Lenski experiment. Dr. Richard E. Lenski is an evolutionary biologist who began a long-term experiment on February 24, 1988 that continues today. It looks for genetic changes in 12 initially identical populations of Escherichia coli bacteria that have been adapting to conditions in their flasks for over 60,000 generations. I have simplified a report by Scott Whynot, who studied 26 peer-reviewed scientific articles authored by Dr. Lenski (with others) published between 1991 and 2012. These papers represent the major genetic findings from 21 years of the experiment.
1. There was an insertion mutation that inhibited transcription of DNA involved in cell wall synthesis.
2. There was an insertion mutation in a regulatory region that encodes two proteins involved with cell wall synthesis. This may have led to larger cells.
3. A mutation in a gene led to a defect in DNA repair.
4. An insertion mutation may have knocked out a gene involved in programmed cell death and response to stress.
5. There was another mutation in a gene involved in response to stress, disrupting its function.
6. There was a mutation in the gene that encodes an enzyme that loosens DNA coils, leading to an increase in DNA supercoiling.
7. There was an insertion mutation in a gene that represses the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a molecule that participates in many metabolic reactions, some affecting longevity. This might allow more NAD production.
8. The researchers noted an insertion mutation that they think inactivated a gene, resulting in greater glucose uptake. Glucose is a limited energy source in the experiment.
9. Deletion mutations caused the loss of the ability to catabolize D-ribose, an energy source that is not available in the experiment.
10. There was a mutation in a gene regulating transport of the sugar maltose, an energy source that is not present in the experiment.
11. After about 30,000 generations, the E. coli in one of the twelve isolated populations began to utilize an energy source, citrate, that they normally could not use in the presence of oxygen. E. coli already have the ability to transport and metabolize citrate where there is no oxygen, but they do not produce an appropriate transport protein for an environment with oxygen. In E. coli DNA, the gene for the citrate transporter that works without oxygen is directly upstream from genes for proteins with promoters that are active in the presence of oxygen. A replication of the region happened to put the transporter gene next to one of these promoters, so it could now be expressed in the presence of oxygen.
Except for number 11, the changes found in over 60,000 generations of bacteria were due to the disruption, degradation, or loss of genetic information. The ability to use citrate in the presence of oxygen, trumpeted by evolutionists as a big deal, was the result of previously existing information being rearranged, not the origin of new information. Mutations that result in a gain of novel information have not been observed."
My comment: 60,000 generations of bacteria show us the true nature of how adaptation of organisms occur and what it result in. Alterations in epigenetic layers lead to harmful sequence errors at the DNA level. Switching between different traits has its cost; an inevitable genetic degradation. This same phenomenon is a scientific fact within all kind of organisms in nature. Mutations are not random changes. Organisms have several mechanisms by which they are able to make use of genes. Non coding RNA molecules monitor the circumstances of surrounding environment and they transmit the information to the cell that is able to use the DNA as a library for producing necessary proteins needed in survival. The theory of evolution is a major lie, because:
- Increase of information leading to growth of structural or functional complexity has never been observed.
- Switching between diferent traits has a heavy cost: GENE LOSS.
1. There was an insertion mutation that inhibited transcription of DNA involved in cell wall synthesis.
2. There was an insertion mutation in a regulatory region that encodes two proteins involved with cell wall synthesis. This may have led to larger cells.
3. A mutation in a gene led to a defect in DNA repair.
4. An insertion mutation may have knocked out a gene involved in programmed cell death and response to stress.
5. There was another mutation in a gene involved in response to stress, disrupting its function.
6. There was a mutation in the gene that encodes an enzyme that loosens DNA coils, leading to an increase in DNA supercoiling.
7. There was an insertion mutation in a gene that represses the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a molecule that participates in many metabolic reactions, some affecting longevity. This might allow more NAD production.
8. The researchers noted an insertion mutation that they think inactivated a gene, resulting in greater glucose uptake. Glucose is a limited energy source in the experiment.
9. Deletion mutations caused the loss of the ability to catabolize D-ribose, an energy source that is not available in the experiment.
10. There was a mutation in a gene regulating transport of the sugar maltose, an energy source that is not present in the experiment.
11. After about 30,000 generations, the E. coli in one of the twelve isolated populations began to utilize an energy source, citrate, that they normally could not use in the presence of oxygen. E. coli already have the ability to transport and metabolize citrate where there is no oxygen, but they do not produce an appropriate transport protein for an environment with oxygen. In E. coli DNA, the gene for the citrate transporter that works without oxygen is directly upstream from genes for proteins with promoters that are active in the presence of oxygen. A replication of the region happened to put the transporter gene next to one of these promoters, so it could now be expressed in the presence of oxygen.
My comment: 60,000 generations of bacteria show us the true nature of how adaptation of organisms occur and what it result in. Alterations in epigenetic layers lead to harmful sequence errors at the DNA level. Switching between different traits has its cost; an inevitable genetic degradation. This same phenomenon is a scientific fact within all kind of organisms in nature. Mutations are not random changes. Organisms have several mechanisms by which they are able to make use of genes. Non coding RNA molecules monitor the circumstances of surrounding environment and they transmit the information to the cell that is able to use the DNA as a library for producing necessary proteins needed in survival. The theory of evolution is a major lie, because:
- Increase of information leading to growth of structural or functional complexity has never been observed.
- Switching between diferent traits has a heavy cost: GENE LOSS.
- All changes in bacteria were due to existing biological information or rearrangement of it. Alterations occurred due to nutrition dependent reasons.
- Bacteria stay bacteria after 60,000 generations.
- The obvious loss of genetic material has happened very fast.
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