Science Refutes Creationism

This is all bullshit! Creationism is bollocks!  Disease-causing genetic mutations in human DNA are in an explosive growth http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac/index.php The human genetic mutation database (HGMD) maintains a database of disease-causing genetic mutations in human DNA at population level. The page will be updated every 2-3 months. Even yesterday (26th Jan 2018) the number was 214,158 but today, after the update, the figure is 220,270. Over three months, more than 6,000 new harmful genetic mutations were registered, which is an annual growth of over 24,000. It's noteworthy to understand the direct consequences of these genetic mutations: https://rareundiagnosed.org/rare-disease-facts/ Rare diseases affect 1 in 10 people, more than 350 million people worldwide Approximately 50% of the people affected by Rare Disease are children 30% of children with rare disease will not live to see their 5th birthday There are more Americans who live with a rare disease than ALL...

Digital-to-Analogue Converter in the Cell points to Design https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4082330/ Excerpt: "Cells must coordinate responses to many stimuli, including signalling cues from other cells, the extracellular matrix, hormones and active compounds. As they are subject to feedback control, these response pathways are usually ‘on’ or ‘off’ in nature. By contrast, transcriptional changes can be ‘dialled’ up or down and provide a composite response to multiple inputs over time. In line with this, signal transmission to chromatin can be compared to a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) that takes ‘on’ and ‘off’ signals and converts them into a continuous output that can vary in amplitude over time . We speculate that histone tails may function in this way, acting as a site that stores signals and integrates them to regulate the transcriptional programme. Indeed, the pure density and variety of post-translational modifications on histones suggests that they are u...

Skin remembers wounds and heals faster the second time around by using 3D genome https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/51153/title/Skin--Remembers--Wounds--Heals-Faster-the-Second-Time-Around/ Excerpt: " Inflammatory Memory Our body is routinely assaulted by ultraviolet radiation, irritants, and pathogens. Shruti Naik, an immunologist at Rockefeller University, wondered: “Do these stressors have any kind of lasting impact on cells?” Immune cells are known to “remember” infections and inflammatory events so that they can respond faster to future insults, but what about the epithelial stem cells that maintain the skin and promote wound healing? Multiple Assaults Naik and her colleagues induced inflammation in mice by exposing the animals’ skin to chemicals, fungal infection, or mechanical wounding. Then they measured the time it took for the skin to heal after injuring it in the same place a second time. On average, regardless of the type of injury, skin that had b...

Telegony (microchimerism) is not studied by pseudoscientists because it refutes the theory of evolution http://www.theneonnettle.com/features/1006-study-women-store-dna-from-every-male-they-have-sex-with "A new study by the University of Seattle and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has revealed that Women absorb and retain living DNA of every single man they have sex with. When scientists were trying to determine if women who had been pregnant with a son might be more predisposed to diseases usually found in men, then also found in the study that the female brain also absorbs male DNA." "Le Dantec wrote that some farmer told him that once his swine copulated with a boar and their pigs absolutely resembled the father in color. But when the same swine copulated with another boar some pigs of the second farrow still resembled the color of the male pig the swine had copulated first."   http://modernnotion.com/is-telegony-real/ "Scientists believe the phe...

About 20,000 new disease-causing genetic mutations in 2017 in the human DNA at population level - Today the total number is 214,158 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28349240?dopt=Abstract Excerpt from abstract: "The Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD®) constitutes a comprehensive collection of published germline mutations in nuclear genes that underlie, or are closely associated with human inherited disease. At the time of writing (March 2017), the database contained in excess of 203,000 different gene lesions identified in over 8000 genes manually curated from over 2600 journals. With new mutation entries currently accumulating at a rate exceeding 17,000 per annum, HGMD represents de facto the central unified gene/disease-oriented repository of heritable mutations causing human genetic disease used worldwide by researchers, clinicians, diagnostic laboratories and genetic counsellors , and is an essential tool for the annotation of next-generation sequencing data. The public ve...

An unexpected role for transcription factors: They promote architectural changes of the genome https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-01-role-gene-architecture-cell-fate.html Excerpt: "Scientists read the code of life—the genome—as a sequence of letters, but now researchers have also started exploring its three-dimensional organisation . In a paper published in Nature Genetics, an interdisciplinary research team of scientists from the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in Barcelona, Spain, shows that the three-dimensional organisation of the genome plays a key role in gene expression and consequently in determining cell fate. It all began with the 4-D Genome project, an ambitious and innovative research initiative aimed at understanding how the spatial organisation of the genome contributes to decisions made by cells. What scientists wanted to find out was whether genome architecture plays an active function or whether it is a mere side effect of the genome's activity. The model...

Random mutations and selection are not the reasons why organisms adapt to changing conditions https://www.forbes.com/sites/grrlscientist/2017/09/06/how-do-darwins-finches-respond-so-quickly-to-environmental-changes/#37f1f45a5810 Excerpt: "How does a population adapt to sudden changes in the environment? According to the most widely accepted paradigm, random genetic changes (mutations) are the source of heritable changes in a plant or animal’s observable characteristics (phenotype). Phenotype, in turn, is the raw material that is acted upon by natural selection, and the most beneficial adaptations are passed on to successive generations. But there is a problem with this paradigm: adaptive genetic mutations are so infrequent that this scenario cannot adequately explain the speed at which adaptation can occur. One well-known example of speedy adaptation is seen in “Darwin’s finches”; a group of approximately 15 bird species that live in the Galápagos Islands Archipelago, which are l...

Alcohol found to boost cancer risk by causing genetic mutations in stem cell DNA http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_920717.asp Excerpt: " Drinking alcohol damages blood stem cells by altering their DNA, raising the risk of developing cancer, scientists have found. A breakdown product of alcohol - acetaldehyde - is responsible for the damage, according to researchers at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. Acetaldehyde can cause irreversible DNA damage in blood stem cells, known as hematopoietic stem cells. These are the stem cells responsible for the constant production of fresh blood. 'How exactly alcohol causes damage to us is controversial,' said Professor Ketan Patel, who led the study which was published in Nature. 'This paper provides very strong evidence that an alcohol metabolite causes DNA damage [including] to the all-important stem cells that go on to make tissues.' The link between alcohol and certain types of cancer has been known for som...

Genetic degradation drives scientists to develop more accurate gene editing technology https://www.wired.com/story/whats-next-for-crispr/ DNA consists mainly of four different bases: guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and thymine (T). G makes a pair only with C and A forms a pair with T. Genome's GC content is inclined to change to AT content. This is due to the special feature of the cytosine base: A methyl group (CH3), referred to as an epigenetic marker, may be attached to cytosine. The cell uses these markers for several tasks, the most important of which are gene suppression / activation, the secretion of the gene from transcription, and the modification of expression of the gene, i.e. the expression thereof, according to the adaptation of the organism. Also in cell differentiation, or identity, these markers play an important role. Without the epigenetic markers, the cell is a so-called a pluripotent stem cell that is ready to specialize in any task, as long as it is onl...